Heat olive oil in a large heavy-bottomed pot over medium heat until shimmering.
Add minced garlic and diced onion, sautéing until fragrant and onion becomes translucent, about 2-3 minutes. The mixture should give off a savory aroma and soften slightly.
Add broth, dried herbs, salt, and black pepper, stirring well. Bring the mixture to a gentle boil, then reduce heat to low and let it simmer for 10 minutes to develop the flavors.
Introduce pasta into the simmering soup, stirring to prevent sticking. Cook uncovered until the pasta is al dente, about 8-10 minutes, until tender and the soup has thickened slightly.
Once the pasta is cooked, stir in shredded mozzarella cheese and grated Parmesan. Continue to cook for 1-2 minutes until the cheese melts and the soup becomes creamy with a cheesy layer on top.
Turn off heat, ladle the soup into bowls, and sprinkle additional cheese if desired. Serve hot, enjoying the bubbling, cheesy, hearty flavors that resemble lasagna in soup form.